refactor: drive builtin forward bindings from shader pass resources

engine/include/XCEngine/Rendering/Pipelines/BuiltinForwardPipeline.h

@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 
 #include <functional>
 #include <unordered_map>
+#include <vector>
 
 namespace XCEngine {
 namespace Components {
@@ -71,9 +72,85 @@ private:
         Math::Vector4 baseColorFactor = Math::Vector4::One();
     };
 
-    struct CachedMaterialBindings {
-        OwnedDescriptorSet constantSet = {};
-        OwnedDescriptorSet textureSet = {};
+    struct DescriptorBindingLocation {
+        Core::uint32 set = UINT32_MAX;
+        Core::uint32 binding = UINT32_MAX;
+
+        bool IsValid() const {
+            return set != UINT32_MAX && binding != UINT32_MAX;
+        }
+    };
+
+    struct PassLayoutKey {
+        const Resources::Shader* shader = nullptr;
+        Containers::String passName;
+
+        bool operator==(const PassLayoutKey& other) const {
+            return shader == other.shader && passName == other.passName;
+        }
+    };
+
+    struct PassLayoutKeyHash {
+        size_t operator()(const PassLayoutKey& key) const noexcept {
+            size_t hash = reinterpret_cast<size_t>(key.shader);
+            hash ^= std::hash<Containers::String>{}(key.passName) + 0x9e3779b9u + (hash << 6) + (hash >> 2);
+            return hash;
+        }
+    };
+
+    struct PassSetLayoutMetadata {
+        std::vector<RHI::DescriptorSetLayoutBinding> bindings;
+        RHI::DescriptorSetLayoutDesc layout = {};
+        RHI::DescriptorHeapType heapType = RHI::DescriptorHeapType::CBV_SRV_UAV;
+        bool shaderVisible = false;
+        bool usesPerObject = false;
+        bool usesMaterial = false;
+        bool usesTexture = false;
+        bool usesSampler = false;
+    };
+
+    struct PassResourceLayout {
+        RHI::RHIPipelineLayout* pipelineLayout = nullptr;
+        Core::uint32 firstDescriptorSet = 0;
+        Core::uint32 descriptorSetCount = 0;
+        std::vector<PassSetLayoutMetadata> setLayouts;
+        std::vector<OwnedDescriptorSet> staticDescriptorSets;
+        DescriptorBindingLocation perObject = {};
+        DescriptorBindingLocation material = {};
+        DescriptorBindingLocation baseColorTexture = {};
+        DescriptorBindingLocation linearClampSampler = {};
+    };
+
+    struct DynamicDescriptorSetKey {
+        PassLayoutKey passLayout = {};
+        Core::uint32 setIndex = 0;
+        Core::uint64 objectId = 0;
+        const Resources::Material* material = nullptr;
+
+        bool operator==(const DynamicDescriptorSetKey& other) const {
+            return passLayout == other.passLayout &&
+                   setIndex == other.setIndex &&
+                   objectId == other.objectId &&
+                   material == other.material;
+        }
+    };
+
+    struct DynamicDescriptorSetKeyHash {
+        size_t operator()(const DynamicDescriptorSetKey& key) const noexcept {
+            size_t hash = PassLayoutKeyHash()(key.passLayout);
+            auto combine = [&hash](size_t value) {
+                hash ^= value + 0x9e3779b9u + (hash << 6) + (hash >> 2);
+            };
+
+            combine(std::hash<Core::uint32>{}(key.setIndex));
+            combine(std::hash<Core::uint64>{}(key.objectId));
+            combine(reinterpret_cast<size_t>(key.material));
+            return hash;
+        }
+    };
+
+    struct CachedDescriptorSet {
+        OwnedDescriptorSet descriptorSet = {};
         Core::uint64 materialVersion = 0;
         RHI::RHIResourceView* textureView = nullptr;
     };
@@ -113,14 +190,29 @@ private:
     bool CreatePipelineResources(const RenderContext& context);
     void DestroyPipelineResources();
     ResolvedShaderPass ResolveForwardShaderPass(const Resources::Material* material) const;
+    PassResourceLayout* GetOrCreatePassResourceLayout(
+        const RenderContext& context,
+        const ResolvedShaderPass& resolvedShaderPass);
     RHI::RHIPipelineState* GetOrCreatePipelineState(
         const RenderContext& context,
         const Resources::Material* material);
-    RHI::RHIDescriptorSet* GetOrCreatePerObjectSet(Core::uint64 objectId);
-    CachedMaterialBindings* GetOrCreateMaterialBindings(
+    bool CreateOwnedDescriptorSet(
+        const PassSetLayoutMetadata& setLayout,
+        OwnedDescriptorSet& descriptorSet);
+    RHI::RHIDescriptorSet* GetOrCreateStaticDescriptorSet(
+        PassResourceLayout& passLayout,
+        Core::uint32 setIndex);
+    CachedDescriptorSet* GetOrCreateDynamicDescriptorSet(
+        const PassLayoutKey& passLayoutKey,
+        const PassResourceLayout& passLayout,
+        const PassSetLayoutMetadata& setLayout,
+        Core::uint32 setIndex,
+        Core::uint64 objectId,
         const Resources::Material* material,
+        const PerMaterialConstants& materialConstants,
         RHI::RHIResourceView* textureView);
     void DestroyOwnedDescriptorSet(OwnedDescriptorSet& descriptorSet);
+    void DestroyPassResourceLayout(PassResourceLayout& passLayout);
 
     const Resources::Texture* ResolveTexture(const Resources::Material* material) const;
     RHI::RHIResourceView* ResolveTextureView(const VisibleRenderItem& visibleItem);
@@ -137,12 +229,9 @@ private:
 
     RenderResourceCache m_resourceCache;
 
-    RHI::RHIDescriptorPool* m_samplerPool = nullptr;
-    RHI::RHIDescriptorSet* m_samplerSet = nullptr;
-    RHI::RHIPipelineLayout* m_pipelineLayout = nullptr;
+    std::unordered_map<PassLayoutKey, PassResourceLayout, PassLayoutKeyHash> m_passResourceLayouts;
     std::unordered_map<PipelineStateKey, RHI::RHIPipelineState*, PipelineStateKeyHash> m_pipelineStates;
-    std::unordered_map<Core::uint64, OwnedDescriptorSet> m_perObjectSets;
-    std::unordered_map<const Resources::Material*, CachedMaterialBindings> m_materialBindings;
+    std::unordered_map<DynamicDescriptorSetKey, CachedDescriptorSet, DynamicDescriptorSetKeyHash> m_dynamicDescriptorSets;
     RHI::RHISampler* m_sampler = nullptr;
     RHI::RHITexture* m_fallbackTexture = nullptr;
     RHI::RHIResourceView* m_fallbackTextureView = nullptr;

engine/src/Rendering/Pipelines/BuiltinForwardPipeline.cpp

@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@
 #include "Resources/Shader/Shader.h"
 #include "Resources/Texture/Texture.h"
 
+#include <algorithm>
 #include <cstddef>
 
 namespace XCEngine {
@@ -51,8 +52,137 @@ private:
 
 namespace {
 
-constexpr uint32_t kDescriptorFirstSet = 1;
-constexpr uint32_t kDescriptorSetCount = 5;
+enum class ForwardPassSemantic : uint8_t {
+    Unknown = 0,
+    PerObject,
+    Material,
+    BaseColorTexture,
+    LinearClampSampler
+};
+
+ForwardPassSemantic ResolveForwardPassSemantic(const Resources::ShaderResourceBindingDesc& binding) {
+    Containers::String semantic = NormalizeBuiltinPassMetadataValue(binding.semantic);
+    if (semantic.Empty()) {
+        semantic = NormalizeBuiltinPassMetadataValue(binding.name);
+    }
+
+    if (semantic == Containers::String("perobject") ||
+        semantic == Containers::String("perobjectconstants")) {
+        return ForwardPassSemantic::PerObject;
+    }
+
+    if (semantic == Containers::String("material") ||
+        semantic == Containers::String("materialconstants")) {
+        return ForwardPassSemantic::Material;
+    }
+
+    if (semantic == Containers::String("basecolortexture") ||
+        semantic == Containers::String("maintex")) {
+        return ForwardPassSemantic::BaseColorTexture;
+    }
+
+    if (semantic == Containers::String("linearclampsampler")) {
+        return ForwardPassSemantic::LinearClampSampler;
+    }
+
+    return ForwardPassSemantic::Unknown;
+}
+
+RHI::DescriptorType ToDescriptorType(Resources::ShaderResourceType type) {
+    switch (type) {
+    case Resources::ShaderResourceType::ConstantBuffer:
+        return RHI::DescriptorType::CBV;
+    case Resources::ShaderResourceType::Texture2D:
+    case Resources::ShaderResourceType::TextureCube:
+        return RHI::DescriptorType::SRV;
+    case Resources::ShaderResourceType::Sampler:
+        return RHI::DescriptorType::Sampler;
+    default:
+        return RHI::DescriptorType::CBV;
+    }
+}
+
+RHI::DescriptorHeapType ResolveDescriptorHeapType(Resources::ShaderResourceType type) {
+    return type == Resources::ShaderResourceType::Sampler
+        ? RHI::DescriptorHeapType::Sampler
+        : RHI::DescriptorHeapType::CBV_SRV_UAV;
+}
+
+bool IsShaderVisibleSet(const std::vector<RHI::DescriptorSetLayoutBinding>& bindings) {
+    for (const RHI::DescriptorSetLayoutBinding& binding : bindings) {
+        const RHI::DescriptorType descriptorType = static_cast<RHI::DescriptorType>(binding.type);
+        if (descriptorType == RHI::DescriptorType::SRV ||
+            descriptorType == RHI::DescriptorType::UAV ||
+            descriptorType == RHI::DescriptorType::Sampler) {
+            return true;
+        }
+    }
+
+    return false;
+}
+
+uint32_t CountHeapDescriptors(
+    RHI::DescriptorHeapType heapType,
+    const std::vector<RHI::DescriptorSetLayoutBinding>& bindings) {
+    uint32_t descriptorCount = 0;
+    for (const RHI::DescriptorSetLayoutBinding& binding : bindings) {
+        const RHI::DescriptorType descriptorType = static_cast<RHI::DescriptorType>(binding.type);
+        if (heapType == RHI::DescriptorHeapType::Sampler) {
+            if (descriptorType == RHI::DescriptorType::Sampler) {
+                descriptorCount += binding.count > 0 ? binding.count : 1u;
+            }
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        if (descriptorType != RHI::DescriptorType::Sampler) {
+            descriptorCount += binding.count > 0 ? binding.count : 1u;
+        }
+    }
+
+    return descriptorCount > 0 ? descriptorCount : 1u;
+}
+
+bool BindingNumberExists(
+    const std::vector<RHI::DescriptorSetLayoutBinding>& bindings,
+    uint32_t bindingNumber) {
+    for (const RHI::DescriptorSetLayoutBinding& binding : bindings) {
+        if (binding.binding == bindingNumber) {
+            return true;
+        }
+    }
+
+    return false;
+}
+
+std::vector<Resources::ShaderResourceBindingDesc> BuildLegacyForwardResourceBindings() {
+    std::vector<Resources::ShaderResourceBindingDesc> bindings(4);
+
+    bindings[0].name = "PerObjectConstants";
+    bindings[0].type = Resources::ShaderResourceType::ConstantBuffer;
+    bindings[0].set = 1;
+    bindings[0].binding = 0;
+    bindings[0].semantic = "PerObject";
+
+    bindings[1].name = "MaterialConstants";
+    bindings[1].type = Resources::ShaderResourceType::ConstantBuffer;
+    bindings[1].set = 2;
+    bindings[1].binding = 0;
+    bindings[1].semantic = "Material";
+
+    bindings[2].name = "BaseColorTexture";
+    bindings[2].type = Resources::ShaderResourceType::Texture2D;
+    bindings[2].set = 3;
+    bindings[2].binding = 0;
+    bindings[2].semantic = "BaseColorTexture";
+
+    bindings[3].name = "LinearClampSampler";
+    bindings[3].type = Resources::ShaderResourceType::Sampler;
+    bindings[3].set = 4;
+    bindings[3].binding = 0;
+    bindings[3].semantic = "LinearClampSampler";
+
+    return bindings;
+}
 
 const Resources::ShaderPass* FindForwardCompatiblePass(
     const Resources::Shader& shader,
@@ -325,80 +455,6 @@ bool BuiltinForwardPipeline::CreatePipelineResources(const RenderContext& contex
         return false;
     }
 
-    RHI::DescriptorSetLayoutBinding constantBinding = {};
-    constantBinding.binding = 0;
-    constantBinding.type = static_cast<uint32_t>(RHI::DescriptorType::CBV);
-    constantBinding.count = 1;
-
-    RHI::DescriptorSetLayoutDesc constantLayout = {};
-    constantLayout.bindings = &constantBinding;
-    constantLayout.bindingCount = 1;
-
-    RHI::DescriptorSetLayoutDesc materialConstantLayout = {};
-    materialConstantLayout.bindings = &constantBinding;
-    materialConstantLayout.bindingCount = 1;
-
-    RHI::DescriptorSetLayoutBinding textureBinding = {};
-    textureBinding.binding = 0;
-    textureBinding.type = static_cast<uint32_t>(RHI::DescriptorType::SRV);
-    textureBinding.count = 1;
-
-    RHI::DescriptorSetLayoutDesc textureLayout = {};
-    textureLayout.bindings = &textureBinding;
-    textureLayout.bindingCount = 1;
-
-    RHI::DescriptorPoolDesc samplerPoolDesc = {};
-    samplerPoolDesc.type = RHI::DescriptorHeapType::Sampler;
-    samplerPoolDesc.descriptorCount = 1;
-    samplerPoolDesc.shaderVisible = true;
-    m_samplerPool = context.device->CreateDescriptorPool(samplerPoolDesc);
-    if (m_samplerPool == nullptr) {
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    RHI::DescriptorSetLayoutBinding samplerBinding = {};
-    samplerBinding.binding = 0;
-    samplerBinding.type = static_cast<uint32_t>(RHI::DescriptorType::Sampler);
-    samplerBinding.count = 1;
-
-    RHI::DescriptorSetLayoutDesc samplerLayout = {};
-    samplerLayout.bindings = &samplerBinding;
-    samplerLayout.bindingCount = 1;
-    m_samplerSet = m_samplerPool->AllocateSet(samplerLayout);
-    if (m_samplerSet == nullptr) {
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    RHI::DescriptorSetLayoutBinding reservedBindings[3] = {};
-    reservedBindings[0].binding = 0;
-    reservedBindings[0].type = static_cast<uint32_t>(RHI::DescriptorType::CBV);
-    reservedBindings[0].count = 1;
-    reservedBindings[1].binding = 0;
-    reservedBindings[1].type = static_cast<uint32_t>(RHI::DescriptorType::SRV);
-    reservedBindings[1].count = 1;
-    reservedBindings[2].binding = 0;
-    reservedBindings[2].type = static_cast<uint32_t>(RHI::DescriptorType::Sampler);
-    reservedBindings[2].count = 1;
-
-    RHI::DescriptorSetLayoutDesc reservedLayout = {};
-    reservedLayout.bindings = reservedBindings;
-    reservedLayout.bindingCount = 3;
-
-    RHI::DescriptorSetLayoutDesc setLayouts[kDescriptorSetCount] = {};
-    setLayouts[0] = reservedLayout;
-    setLayouts[1] = constantLayout;
-    setLayouts[2] = materialConstantLayout;
-    setLayouts[3] = textureLayout;
-    setLayouts[4] = samplerLayout;
-
-    RHI::RHIPipelineLayoutDesc pipelineLayoutDesc = {};
-    pipelineLayoutDesc.setLayouts = setLayouts;
-    pipelineLayoutDesc.setLayoutCount = kDescriptorSetCount;
-    m_pipelineLayout = context.device->CreatePipelineLayout(pipelineLayoutDesc);
-    if (m_pipelineLayout == nullptr) {
-        return false;
-    }
-
     RHI::SamplerDesc samplerDesc = {};
     samplerDesc.filter = static_cast<uint32_t>(RHI::FilterMode::Linear);
     samplerDesc.addressU = static_cast<uint32_t>(RHI::TextureAddressMode::Clamp);
@@ -413,7 +469,6 @@ bool BuiltinForwardPipeline::CreatePipelineResources(const RenderContext& contex
     if (m_sampler == nullptr) {
         return false;
     }
-    m_samplerSet->UpdateSampler(0, m_sampler);
 
     const unsigned char whitePixel[4] = { 255, 255, 255, 255 };
     RHI::TextureDesc textureDesc = {};
@@ -455,16 +510,15 @@ void BuiltinForwardPipeline::DestroyPipelineResources() {
     }
     m_pipelineStates.clear();
 
-    for (auto& perObjectSetPair : m_perObjectSets) {
-        DestroyOwnedDescriptorSet(perObjectSetPair.second);
+    for (auto& descriptorSetPair : m_dynamicDescriptorSets) {
+        DestroyOwnedDescriptorSet(descriptorSetPair.second.descriptorSet);
     }
-    m_perObjectSets.clear();
+    m_dynamicDescriptorSets.clear();
 
-    for (auto& materialBindingPair : m_materialBindings) {
-        DestroyOwnedDescriptorSet(materialBindingPair.second.constantSet);
-        DestroyOwnedDescriptorSet(materialBindingPair.second.textureSet);
+    for (auto& passLayoutPair : m_passResourceLayouts) {
+        DestroyPassResourceLayout(passLayoutPair.second);
     }
-    m_materialBindings.clear();
+    m_passResourceLayouts.clear();
 
     if (m_fallbackTextureView != nullptr) {
         m_fallbackTextureView->Shutdown();
@@ -484,24 +538,6 @@ void BuiltinForwardPipeline::DestroyPipelineResources() {
         m_sampler = nullptr;
     }
 
-    if (m_pipelineLayout != nullptr) {
-        m_pipelineLayout->Shutdown();
-        delete m_pipelineLayout;
-        m_pipelineLayout = nullptr;
-    }
-
-    if (m_samplerSet != nullptr) {
-        m_samplerSet->Shutdown();
-        delete m_samplerSet;
-        m_samplerSet = nullptr;
-    }
-
-    if (m_samplerPool != nullptr) {
-        m_samplerPool->Shutdown();
-        delete m_samplerPool;
-        m_samplerPool = nullptr;
-    }
-
     m_device = nullptr;
     m_initialized = false;
     m_builtinForwardShader.Reset();
@@ -536,6 +572,214 @@ BuiltinForwardPipeline::ResolvedShaderPass BuiltinForwardPipeline::ResolveForwar
     return resolved;
 }
 
+BuiltinForwardPipeline::PassResourceLayout* BuiltinForwardPipeline::GetOrCreatePassResourceLayout(
+    const RenderContext& context,
+    const ResolvedShaderPass& resolvedShaderPass) {
+    if (resolvedShaderPass.shader == nullptr || resolvedShaderPass.pass == nullptr) {
+        return nullptr;
+    }
+
+    PassLayoutKey passLayoutKey = {};
+    passLayoutKey.shader = resolvedShaderPass.shader;
+    passLayoutKey.passName = resolvedShaderPass.passName;
+
+    const auto existing = m_passResourceLayouts.find(passLayoutKey);
+    if (existing != m_passResourceLayouts.end()) {
+        return &existing->second;
+    }
+
+    std::vector<Resources::ShaderResourceBindingDesc> resourceBindings;
+    if (resolvedShaderPass.pass->resources.Empty()) {
+        resourceBindings = BuildLegacyForwardResourceBindings();
+    } else {
+        resourceBindings.reserve(resolvedShaderPass.pass->resources.Size());
+        for (const Resources::ShaderResourceBindingDesc& binding : resolvedShaderPass.pass->resources) {
+            resourceBindings.push_back(binding);
+        }
+    }
+
+    PassResourceLayout passLayout = {};
+    auto failLayout = [this, &passLayout](const char* message) -> PassResourceLayout* {
+        Debug::Logger::Get().Error(Debug::LogCategory::Rendering, message);
+        DestroyPassResourceLayout(passLayout);
+        return nullptr;
+    };
+
+    Core::uint32 minBoundSet = UINT32_MAX;
+    Core::uint32 maxBoundSet = 0;
+    Core::uint32 maxSetIndex = 0;
+    bool hasAnyResource = false;
+    bool usesConstantBuffers = false;
+    bool usesTextures = false;
+    bool usesSamplers = false;
+    for (const Resources::ShaderResourceBindingDesc& binding : resourceBindings) {
+        maxSetIndex = std::max(maxSetIndex, binding.set);
+        hasAnyResource = true;
+        minBoundSet = std::min(minBoundSet, binding.set);
+        maxBoundSet = std::max(maxBoundSet, binding.set);
+
+        switch (binding.type) {
+        case Resources::ShaderResourceType::ConstantBuffer:
+            usesConstantBuffers = true;
+            break;
+        case Resources::ShaderResourceType::Texture2D:
+        case Resources::ShaderResourceType::TextureCube:
+            usesTextures = true;
+            break;
+        case Resources::ShaderResourceType::Sampler:
+            usesSamplers = true;
+            break;
+        default:
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (hasAnyResource) {
+        passLayout.setLayouts.resize(static_cast<size_t>(maxSetIndex) + 1u);
+        passLayout.staticDescriptorSets.resize(passLayout.setLayouts.size());
+        passLayout.firstDescriptorSet = minBoundSet;
+        passLayout.descriptorSetCount = maxBoundSet - minBoundSet + 1u;
+    }
+
+    for (const Resources::ShaderResourceBindingDesc& binding : resourceBindings) {
+        ForwardPassSemantic semantic = ResolveForwardPassSemantic(binding);
+        if (semantic == ForwardPassSemantic::Unknown) {
+            return failLayout("BuiltinForwardPipeline encountered an unsupported forward shader resource semantic");
+        }
+
+        if (binding.set >= passLayout.setLayouts.size()) {
+            return failLayout("BuiltinForwardPipeline encountered an invalid forward shader resource set");
+        }
+
+        const RHI::DescriptorType descriptorType = ToDescriptorType(binding.type);
+        const RHI::DescriptorHeapType heapType = ResolveDescriptorHeapType(binding.type);
+        PassSetLayoutMetadata& setLayout = passLayout.setLayouts[binding.set];
+
+        if (!setLayout.bindings.empty() && setLayout.heapType != heapType) {
+            return failLayout("BuiltinForwardPipeline does not support mixing sampler and non-sampler bindings in one set");
+        }
+
+        if (BindingNumberExists(setLayout.bindings, binding.binding)) {
+            return failLayout("BuiltinForwardPipeline encountered duplicate bindings inside one descriptor set");
+        }
+
+        if (setLayout.bindings.empty()) {
+            setLayout.heapType = heapType;
+        }
+
+        RHI::DescriptorSetLayoutBinding layoutBinding = {};
+        layoutBinding.binding = binding.binding;
+        layoutBinding.type = static_cast<uint32_t>(descriptorType);
+        layoutBinding.count = 1;
+        setLayout.bindings.push_back(layoutBinding);
+
+        switch (semantic) {
+        case ForwardPassSemantic::PerObject:
+            if (binding.type != Resources::ShaderResourceType::ConstantBuffer || passLayout.perObject.IsValid()) {
+                return failLayout("BuiltinForwardPipeline requires a single constant-buffer PerObject resource");
+            }
+            passLayout.perObject = { binding.set, binding.binding };
+            setLayout.usesPerObject = true;
+            break;
+        case ForwardPassSemantic::Material:
+            if (binding.type != Resources::ShaderResourceType::ConstantBuffer || passLayout.material.IsValid()) {
+                return failLayout("BuiltinForwardPipeline requires a single constant-buffer Material resource");
+            }
+            passLayout.material = { binding.set, binding.binding };
+            setLayout.usesMaterial = true;
+            break;
+        case ForwardPassSemantic::BaseColorTexture:
+            if ((binding.type != Resources::ShaderResourceType::Texture2D &&
+                 binding.type != Resources::ShaderResourceType::TextureCube) ||
+                passLayout.baseColorTexture.IsValid()) {
+                return failLayout("BuiltinForwardPipeline requires a single texture BaseColorTexture resource");
+            }
+            passLayout.baseColorTexture = { binding.set, binding.binding };
+            setLayout.usesTexture = true;
+            break;
+        case ForwardPassSemantic::LinearClampSampler:
+            if (binding.type != Resources::ShaderResourceType::Sampler || passLayout.linearClampSampler.IsValid()) {
+                return failLayout("BuiltinForwardPipeline requires a single sampler LinearClampSampler resource");
+            }
+            passLayout.linearClampSampler = { binding.set, binding.binding };
+            setLayout.usesSampler = true;
+            break;
+        default:
+            return failLayout("BuiltinForwardPipeline encountered an unsupported forward shader resource semantic");
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (!passLayout.perObject.IsValid()) {
+        return failLayout("BuiltinForwardPipeline requires a PerObject resource binding");
+    }
+
+    if (hasAnyResource &&
+        passLayout.firstDescriptorSet > 0 &&
+        !passLayout.setLayouts.empty() &&
+        passLayout.setLayouts[0].bindings.empty()) {
+        PassSetLayoutMetadata& compatibilitySet = passLayout.setLayouts[0];
+        if (usesConstantBuffers) {
+            compatibilitySet.bindings.push_back({
+                0,
+                static_cast<uint32_t>(RHI::DescriptorType::CBV),
+                1,
+                0
+            });
+        }
+        if (usesTextures) {
+            compatibilitySet.bindings.push_back({
+                0,
+                static_cast<uint32_t>(RHI::DescriptorType::SRV),
+                1,
+                0
+            });
+        }
+        if (usesSamplers) {
+            compatibilitySet.bindings.push_back({
+                0,
+                static_cast<uint32_t>(RHI::DescriptorType::Sampler),
+                1,
+                0
+            });
+        }
+        compatibilitySet.shaderVisible = true;
+    }
+
+    for (Core::uint32 setIndex = 0; setIndex < passLayout.setLayouts.size(); ++setIndex) {
+        PassSetLayoutMetadata& setLayout = passLayout.setLayouts[setIndex];
+        std::sort(
+            setLayout.bindings.begin(),
+            setLayout.bindings.end(),
+            [](const RHI::DescriptorSetLayoutBinding& left, const RHI::DescriptorSetLayoutBinding& right) {
+                return left.binding < right.binding;
+            });
+        setLayout.shaderVisible = IsShaderVisibleSet(setLayout.bindings);
+        setLayout.layout.bindings = setLayout.bindings.empty() ? nullptr : setLayout.bindings.data();
+        setLayout.layout.bindingCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(setLayout.bindings.size());
+    }
+
+    std::vector<RHI::DescriptorSetLayoutDesc> nativeSetLayouts(passLayout.setLayouts.size());
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < passLayout.setLayouts.size(); ++i) {
+        nativeSetLayouts[i] = passLayout.setLayouts[i].layout;
+    }
+
+    RHI::RHIPipelineLayoutDesc pipelineLayoutDesc = {};
+    pipelineLayoutDesc.setLayouts = nativeSetLayouts.empty() ? nullptr : nativeSetLayouts.data();
+    pipelineLayoutDesc.setLayoutCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(nativeSetLayouts.size());
+    passLayout.pipelineLayout = context.device->CreatePipelineLayout(pipelineLayoutDesc);
+    if (passLayout.pipelineLayout == nullptr) {
+        return failLayout("BuiltinForwardPipeline failed to create a pipeline layout from shader pass resources");
+    }
+
+    const auto result = m_passResourceLayouts.emplace(passLayoutKey, passLayout);
+    PassResourceLayout& storedPassLayout = result.first->second;
+    for (PassSetLayoutMetadata& setLayout : storedPassLayout.setLayouts) {
+        setLayout.layout.bindings = setLayout.bindings.empty() ? nullptr : setLayout.bindings.data();
+        setLayout.layout.bindingCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(setLayout.bindings.size());
+    }
+    return &storedPassLayout;
+}
+
 RHI::RHIPipelineState* BuiltinForwardPipeline::GetOrCreatePipelineState(
     const RenderContext& context,
     const Resources::Material* material) {
@@ -547,6 +791,11 @@ RHI::RHIPipelineState* BuiltinForwardPipeline::GetOrCreatePipelineState(
         return nullptr;
     }
 
+    PassResourceLayout* passLayout = GetOrCreatePassResourceLayout(context, resolvedShaderPass);
+    if (passLayout == nullptr || passLayout->pipelineLayout == nullptr) {
+        return nullptr;
+    }
+
     PipelineStateKey pipelineKey = {};
     pipelineKey.renderState =
         material != nullptr ? material->GetRenderState() : Resources::MaterialRenderState();
@@ -561,7 +810,7 @@ RHI::RHIPipelineState* BuiltinForwardPipeline::GetOrCreatePipelineState(
     const RHI::GraphicsPipelineDesc pipelineDesc =
         CreatePipelineDesc(
             context.backendType,
-            m_pipelineLayout,
+            passLayout->pipelineLayout,
             *resolvedShaderPass.shader,
             resolvedShaderPass.passName,
             material);
@@ -581,117 +830,107 @@ RHI::RHIPipelineState* BuiltinForwardPipeline::GetOrCreatePipelineState(
     return pipelineState;
 }
 
-RHI::RHIDescriptorSet* BuiltinForwardPipeline::GetOrCreatePerObjectSet(Core::uint64 objectId) {
-    const auto existing = m_perObjectSets.find(objectId);
-    if (existing != m_perObjectSets.end()) {
-        return existing->second.set;
-    }
-
+bool BuiltinForwardPipeline::CreateOwnedDescriptorSet(
+    const PassSetLayoutMetadata& setLayout,
+    OwnedDescriptorSet& descriptorSet) {
     RHI::DescriptorPoolDesc poolDesc = {};
-    poolDesc.type = RHI::DescriptorHeapType::CBV_SRV_UAV;
-    poolDesc.descriptorCount = 1;
-    poolDesc.shaderVisible = false;
+    poolDesc.type = setLayout.heapType;
+    poolDesc.descriptorCount = CountHeapDescriptors(setLayout.heapType, setLayout.bindings);
+    poolDesc.shaderVisible = setLayout.shaderVisible;
 
-    OwnedDescriptorSet descriptorSet = {};
     descriptorSet.pool = m_device->CreateDescriptorPool(poolDesc);
     if (descriptorSet.pool == nullptr) {
-        return nullptr;
+        return false;
     }
 
-    RHI::DescriptorSetLayoutBinding binding = {};
-    binding.binding = 0;
-    binding.type = static_cast<uint32_t>(RHI::DescriptorType::CBV);
-    binding.count = 1;
-
-    RHI::DescriptorSetLayoutDesc layout = {};
-    layout.bindings = &binding;
-    layout.bindingCount = 1;
-    descriptorSet.set = descriptorSet.pool->AllocateSet(layout);
+    descriptorSet.set = descriptorSet.pool->AllocateSet(setLayout.layout);
     if (descriptorSet.set == nullptr) {
         DestroyOwnedDescriptorSet(descriptorSet);
-        return nullptr;
+        return false;
     }
 
-    const auto result = m_perObjectSets.emplace(objectId, descriptorSet);
-    return result.first->second.set;
+    return true;
 }
 
-BuiltinForwardPipeline::CachedMaterialBindings* BuiltinForwardPipeline::GetOrCreateMaterialBindings(
-    const Resources::Material* material,
-    RHI::RHIResourceView* textureView) {
-    if (textureView == nullptr) {
+RHI::RHIDescriptorSet* BuiltinForwardPipeline::GetOrCreateStaticDescriptorSet(
+    PassResourceLayout& passLayout,
+    Core::uint32 setIndex) {
+    if (setIndex >= passLayout.setLayouts.size() ||
+        setIndex >= passLayout.staticDescriptorSets.size()) {
         return nullptr;
     }
 
-    CachedMaterialBindings& cachedBindings = m_materialBindings[material];
-
-    if (cachedBindings.constantSet.set == nullptr) {
-        RHI::DescriptorPoolDesc constantPoolDesc = {};
-        constantPoolDesc.type = RHI::DescriptorHeapType::CBV_SRV_UAV;
-        constantPoolDesc.descriptorCount = 1;
-        constantPoolDesc.shaderVisible = false;
-
-        cachedBindings.constantSet.pool = m_device->CreateDescriptorPool(constantPoolDesc);
-        if (cachedBindings.constantSet.pool == nullptr) {
+    OwnedDescriptorSet& descriptorSet = passLayout.staticDescriptorSets[setIndex];
+    if (descriptorSet.set == nullptr) {
+        if (!CreateOwnedDescriptorSet(passLayout.setLayouts[setIndex], descriptorSet)) {
             return nullptr;
         }
 
-        RHI::DescriptorSetLayoutBinding constantBinding = {};
-        constantBinding.binding = 0;
-        constantBinding.type = static_cast<uint32_t>(RHI::DescriptorType::CBV);
-        constantBinding.count = 1;
+        if (passLayout.setLayouts[setIndex].usesSampler) {
+            if (m_sampler == nullptr ||
+                !passLayout.linearClampSampler.IsValid() ||
+                passLayout.linearClampSampler.set != setIndex) {
+                DestroyOwnedDescriptorSet(descriptorSet);
+                return nullptr;
+            }
 
-        RHI::DescriptorSetLayoutDesc constantLayout = {};
-        constantLayout.bindings = &constantBinding;
-        constantLayout.bindingCount = 1;
-        cachedBindings.constantSet.set = cachedBindings.constantSet.pool->AllocateSet(constantLayout);
-        if (cachedBindings.constantSet.set == nullptr) {
-            DestroyOwnedDescriptorSet(cachedBindings.constantSet);
-            return nullptr;
+            descriptorSet.set->UpdateSampler(passLayout.linearClampSampler.binding, m_sampler);
         }
     }
 
-    if (cachedBindings.textureSet.set == nullptr) {
-        RHI::DescriptorPoolDesc texturePoolDesc = {};
-        texturePoolDesc.type = RHI::DescriptorHeapType::CBV_SRV_UAV;
-        texturePoolDesc.descriptorCount = 1;
-        texturePoolDesc.shaderVisible = true;
+    return descriptorSet.set;
+}
 
-        cachedBindings.textureSet.pool = m_device->CreateDescriptorPool(texturePoolDesc);
-        if (cachedBindings.textureSet.pool == nullptr) {
-            DestroyOwnedDescriptorSet(cachedBindings.constantSet);
-            return nullptr;
-        }
+BuiltinForwardPipeline::CachedDescriptorSet* BuiltinForwardPipeline::GetOrCreateDynamicDescriptorSet(
+    const PassLayoutKey& passLayoutKey,
+    const PassResourceLayout& passLayout,
+    const PassSetLayoutMetadata& setLayout,
+    Core::uint32 setIndex,
+    Core::uint64 objectId,
+    const Resources::Material* material,
+    const PerMaterialConstants& materialConstants,
+    RHI::RHIResourceView* textureView) {
+    DynamicDescriptorSetKey key = {};
+    key.passLayout = passLayoutKey;
+    key.setIndex = setIndex;
+    key.objectId = objectId;
+    key.material = material;
 
-        RHI::DescriptorSetLayoutBinding textureBinding = {};
-        textureBinding.binding = 0;
-        textureBinding.type = static_cast<uint32_t>(RHI::DescriptorType::SRV);
-        textureBinding.count = 1;
-
-        RHI::DescriptorSetLayoutDesc textureLayout = {};
-        textureLayout.bindings = &textureBinding;
-        textureLayout.bindingCount = 1;
-        cachedBindings.textureSet.set = cachedBindings.textureSet.pool->AllocateSet(textureLayout);
-        if (cachedBindings.textureSet.set == nullptr) {
-            DestroyOwnedDescriptorSet(cachedBindings.textureSet);
+    CachedDescriptorSet& cachedDescriptorSet = m_dynamicDescriptorSets[key];
+    if (cachedDescriptorSet.descriptorSet.set == nullptr) {
+        if (!CreateOwnedDescriptorSet(setLayout, cachedDescriptorSet.descriptorSet)) {
             return nullptr;
         }
     }
 
     const Core::uint64 materialVersion = material != nullptr ? material->GetChangeVersion() : 0;
-    if (cachedBindings.materialVersion != materialVersion || cachedBindings.textureView != textureView) {
-        const BuiltinForwardMaterialData materialData = BuildBuiltinForwardMaterialData(material);
-        const PerMaterialConstants materialConstants = {
-            materialData.baseColorFactor
-        };
+    if ((setLayout.usesMaterial || setLayout.usesTexture) &&
+        (cachedDescriptorSet.materialVersion != materialVersion ||
+         cachedDescriptorSet.textureView != textureView)) {
+        if (setLayout.usesMaterial) {
+            if (!passLayout.material.IsValid() || passLayout.material.set != setIndex) {
+                return nullptr;
+            }
+            cachedDescriptorSet.descriptorSet.set->WriteConstant(
+                passLayout.material.binding,
+                &materialConstants,
+                sizeof(materialConstants));
+        }
 
-        cachedBindings.constantSet.set->WriteConstant(0, &materialConstants, sizeof(materialConstants));
-        cachedBindings.textureSet.set->Update(0, textureView);
-        cachedBindings.materialVersion = materialVersion;
-        cachedBindings.textureView = textureView;
+        if (setLayout.usesTexture) {
+            if (textureView == nullptr ||
+                !passLayout.baseColorTexture.IsValid() ||
+                passLayout.baseColorTexture.set != setIndex) {
+                return nullptr;
+            }
+            cachedDescriptorSet.descriptorSet.set->Update(passLayout.baseColorTexture.binding, textureView);
+        }
+
+        cachedDescriptorSet.materialVersion = materialVersion;
+        cachedDescriptorSet.textureView = textureView;
     }
 
-    return &cachedBindings;
+    return &cachedDescriptorSet;
 }
 
 void BuiltinForwardPipeline::DestroyOwnedDescriptorSet(OwnedDescriptorSet& descriptorSet) {
@@ -708,6 +947,27 @@ void BuiltinForwardPipeline::DestroyOwnedDescriptorSet(OwnedDescriptorSet& descr
     }
 }
 
+void BuiltinForwardPipeline::DestroyPassResourceLayout(PassResourceLayout& passLayout) {
+    for (OwnedDescriptorSet& descriptorSet : passLayout.staticDescriptorSets) {
+        DestroyOwnedDescriptorSet(descriptorSet);
+    }
+    passLayout.staticDescriptorSets.clear();
+
+    if (passLayout.pipelineLayout != nullptr) {
+        passLayout.pipelineLayout->Shutdown();
+        delete passLayout.pipelineLayout;
+        passLayout.pipelineLayout = nullptr;
+    }
+
+    passLayout.setLayouts.clear();
+    passLayout.firstDescriptorSet = 0;
+    passLayout.descriptorSetCount = 0;
+    passLayout.perObject = {};
+    passLayout.material = {};
+    passLayout.baseColorTexture = {};
+    passLayout.linearClampSampler = {};
+}
+
 const Resources::Texture* BuiltinForwardPipeline::ResolveTexture(const Resources::Material* material) const {
     return ResolveBuiltinBaseColorTexture(material);
 }
@@ -766,31 +1026,91 @@ bool BuiltinForwardPipeline::DrawVisibleItem(
             : Math::Vector4::Zero()
     };
 
-    RHI::RHIResourceView* textureView = ResolveTextureView(visibleItem);
-    if (textureView == nullptr) {
-        return false;
-    }
-
     const Resources::Material* material = ResolveMaterial(visibleItem);
-    RHI::RHIDescriptorSet* constantSet = GetOrCreatePerObjectSet(
-        visibleItem.gameObject != nullptr ? visibleItem.gameObject->GetID() : 0);
-    CachedMaterialBindings* materialBindings = GetOrCreateMaterialBindings(material, textureView);
-    if (constantSet == nullptr ||
-        materialBindings == nullptr ||
-        materialBindings->constantSet.set == nullptr ||
-        materialBindings->textureSet.set == nullptr ||
-        m_samplerSet == nullptr) {
+    const ResolvedShaderPass resolvedShaderPass = ResolveForwardShaderPass(material);
+    if (resolvedShaderPass.shader == nullptr || resolvedShaderPass.pass == nullptr) {
         return false;
     }
 
-    constantSet->WriteConstant(0, &constants, sizeof(constants));
-    RHI::RHIDescriptorSet* descriptorSets[] = {
-        constantSet,
-        materialBindings->constantSet.set,
-        materialBindings->textureSet.set,
-        m_samplerSet
+    PassLayoutKey passLayoutKey = {};
+    passLayoutKey.shader = resolvedShaderPass.shader;
+    passLayoutKey.passName = resolvedShaderPass.passName;
+
+    PassResourceLayout* passLayout = GetOrCreatePassResourceLayout(context, resolvedShaderPass);
+    if (passLayout == nullptr || passLayout->pipelineLayout == nullptr) {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    RHI::RHIResourceView* textureView = ResolveTextureView(visibleItem);
+    if (passLayout->baseColorTexture.IsValid() && textureView == nullptr) {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    const BuiltinForwardMaterialData materialData = BuildBuiltinForwardMaterialData(material);
+    const PerMaterialConstants materialConstants = {
+        materialData.baseColorFactor
     };
-    commandList->SetGraphicsDescriptorSets(kDescriptorFirstSet, 4, descriptorSets, m_pipelineLayout);
+
+    if (passLayout->descriptorSetCount > 0) {
+        std::vector<RHI::RHIDescriptorSet*> descriptorSets(passLayout->descriptorSetCount, nullptr);
+
+        for (Core::uint32 descriptorOffset = 0; descriptorOffset < passLayout->descriptorSetCount; ++descriptorOffset) {
+            const Core::uint32 setIndex = passLayout->firstDescriptorSet + descriptorOffset;
+            if (setIndex >= passLayout->setLayouts.size()) {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            const PassSetLayoutMetadata& setLayout = passLayout->setLayouts[setIndex];
+            RHI::RHIDescriptorSet* descriptorSet = nullptr;
+
+            if (setLayout.usesPerObject || setLayout.usesMaterial || setLayout.usesTexture) {
+                const Core::uint64 objectId =
+                    (setLayout.usesPerObject && visibleItem.gameObject != nullptr)
+                        ? visibleItem.gameObject->GetID()
+                        : 0;
+                const Resources::Material* materialKey =
+                    (setLayout.usesMaterial || setLayout.usesTexture) ? material : nullptr;
+
+                CachedDescriptorSet* cachedDescriptorSet = GetOrCreateDynamicDescriptorSet(
+                    passLayoutKey,
+                    *passLayout,
+                    setLayout,
+                    setIndex,
+                    objectId,
+                    materialKey,
+                    materialConstants,
+                    textureView);
+                if (cachedDescriptorSet == nullptr || cachedDescriptorSet->descriptorSet.set == nullptr) {
+                    return false;
+                }
+
+                descriptorSet = cachedDescriptorSet->descriptorSet.set;
+                if (setLayout.usesPerObject) {
+                    if (!passLayout->perObject.IsValid() || passLayout->perObject.set != setIndex) {
+                        return false;
+                    }
+
+                    descriptorSet->WriteConstant(
+                        passLayout->perObject.binding,
+                        &constants,
+                        sizeof(constants));
+                }
+            } else {
+                descriptorSet = GetOrCreateStaticDescriptorSet(*passLayout, setIndex);
+                if (descriptorSet == nullptr) {
+                    return false;
+                }
+            }
+
+            descriptorSets[descriptorOffset] = descriptorSet;
+        }
+
+        commandList->SetGraphicsDescriptorSets(
+            passLayout->firstDescriptorSet,
+            passLayout->descriptorSetCount,
+            descriptorSets.data(),
+            passLayout->pipelineLayout);
+    }
 
     if (visibleItem.hasSection) {
         const Containers::Array<Resources::MeshSection>& sections = visibleItem.mesh->GetSections();